Halley's Comet
(Translated from Wikipedia English)
Halley Comet (officially named 1P / Halley) is better known as a short-term comet. It is visible from Earth in every 75 to 76 years intervals. Halley is the only short-period comet which can be clearly seen from the naked eye with the eyes and it is the only comet to be seen with nude eyes which appears twice in human life. Other comets visible with nude eyes can be shiny and more visible but they appear only once in thousands of years.
On returning to the inner Solar System of Halley, it was discovered by astronomers in 240 BC. Since then, observation and record has been recorded. The apparent record of this comet's appearance was recorded by Chinese, Babylonian and medieval European rulers, but at that time it was not recognized as a recurring comet. It was first recognized as a recurring comet in 1705 by English astronomer Edmund Halley, and later named after him was named Hailey Comet. Halley's comet was last seen in 1986 in the inner solar system and it will appear next to the mid-2061.
During the entry in 1986, Halley became the first comet, which was studied closely and widely by space station. It provided the first observational data of the structure of the heli's umbilical structure and the formation of coma and tail formation. This observation provided the basis for long-standing concepts about the structure of the comet, especially Fred Whipple's 'Dirty Snow Ball' model. They had guessed the structure of Halley that it was composed of a mixture of volatile substances such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia and dust. The data provided by this Mission has significantly improved our thinking about Haley. For example, we now understand that the surface of Halley is made of roughly dust and non-volatile substances, and only a small part of it is made of ice or unstable material.
Class calculation
Halley is the first comet that was recognized as a recurring comet. There was a consensus among the then philosophers of Aristotle's perception of the comet's nature that comets are the result of disturbances in the Earth's atmosphere. This idea of Aristotle was proved by Tycho Brahe in 1577. Using the parallax measurement, Tycho showed that the comet's existence is beyond the Moon. Many people still disagreed with the fact that comets actually revolve around the Sun, and they believed that the smoke comet directly passes through the solar system following the path.
In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his 'Principia', in which he outlined his rules of gravity and speed. His work on the comet was incomplete though he doubted that the smoke that was first seen in 1680 and 1681 and after passing through the sun was the same. His assumption was found later. He was completely unable to reconcile comets in his model. Eventually Newton's friend, editor and publisher Edmund Halley used Newton's new rules to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on comet's classes in his 'Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets,' in 1705. This calculation made them eligible to determine the orbital elements by examining these historical records. They found that the second smoke comet visible in 1682 was nearly the same two fogs that appeared today before 1531 (observed by Petras Epionus) and 1607 (observed by Johannes Kepler). Thus Halley concluded that the three smoke comers are actually the same, which return every 76 years. This period was later modified to 75-76 years. Considering the gravitational effects of the planets falling on comets, after a rough estimate, it was predicted that Halley would return again in 1758.
The Halley Comet Return Prediction proved right. It was seen by a German farmer and amateur astronomer Johann Georg Pellijsk on December 25, 1758. Heli herself did not see the comet's return in her lifetime, because in 1742 she died. The confirmation of this smoke return has been shown for the first time that there is the existence of other bodies other than the planets, where the Sun revolves. This return was a successful test of earlier Newtonian physics, and there was also a clear demonstration of his explanatory power. The name of this Dhumketu was first honored by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de lasale in honor of Heli in 175 9. Classroom and Origin Determination against the outer planets (red) orbit of the Holy Comet's orbit (blue)
Halley's orbital period has been between 75 and 76 years for the last three centuries. Though 240 BC Since then, its orbital period has varied between 74 and 79 years. The heli around the Sun is very elliptical with the class 0.967 decentness.
Haili is classified as a recurring or short-term comet with an orbital period of 200 years or less. In contrast, long-period comets complete their orbital journey in thousands of years. The average inclination from recurring comets is only 10 degrees and its average orbital period is only 6.5 years. Thus the orbit of the heli is somewhat non-metaphorical. The shortest period is the comet whose orbital period is less than 20 years and the tilt from the ecliptic is 20-30 degrees or less called 'Jupiter family comet'. The recurring comets like Halley whose orbital period is between 20 and 200 years and whose extension of the inclination ranges from 0 degrees to 90 degrees or more is called 'heli-type comet'. Of the nearly 400 Jupiter family comets identified today, only 54 heli-type comets can be observed.
Hail-type comets look at the orbits of classes that were originally the long-term comets whose orbits were influenced by gravitational giant planets and were directed to the inner solar system. If Halley was ever a long-term comet, then it is likely that its origins originated in the Oort cloud, which is a large circular area of comet bodies whose inner side is at a distance of 20,000 -50,000 celestial units from the Sun. On the contrary, the origins of the Jupiter family comets are believed to be in the Kuiper belt, which is a flat disk of icy debris located between the 30 astronomical units (the orbit of Neptune) and the 50 celestial unit from the Sun. In 2008, another new point Trans-Neptunian object was proposed for the origin of Halley-type comets, whose class extends beyond the outer part of Uranus, and is twice as big as Pluto. It may be a member of a new population of small bodies of the Solar System, where Halley-type acts as the source of comets. visit
Halley's calculations are capable of finding pre-visual views of comets recorded in historical documents. The following table shows that Halley has been showing astronomical designation since the beginning of 240 BC with the celestial designation.
wiki