Hindi journalism

The story of Hindi journalism is the story of Indian nationalism. The artisans of Hindi journalism were fully conscious of racial consciousness, yugabodh and its major obligation. Perhaps because he had to be victimized by the suppression of the foreign government, he had to suffer the torture of his brutal behavior. In the nineteenth century, the expression of Hindi prose-creation and the Hindi-Pradhan movement was so strong and strong even when facing severe difficulties in adverse conditions, its evidence was 'Bharamatmat' (in 1878 AD) 'Sarva Sudhanidhi' (1879 AD). .) And 'Vain Speaker' (1880 AD) is vulgar on chronic pages.

At present, Hindi journalism has ended the suppression of English journalism. The first was the dominance of English journalism in the country and abroad, but today the flag of Hindi language is fluttering. On 30th May, 'Hindi Journalism Day' is celebrated.

The introduction of journalism in Indian languages ​​and Hindi journalism.

Modern-day journalism was born in India in the fourth phase of the eighteenth century in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. It was probably the first attempt on Hickey's "Calcutta Gazette" published in 1780 AD. The Anglo-Indian English journalism of these cities had grown quite until the publication of the first Hindi letter Udant Martand (1826).

In these last years, journalism was also born in Persian language. 18th century Persian letter was probably a manuscript. In 1801, the compilation of 'Hindusthan Intelligence Oriental Anthology' was published in the quote of how many "newspapers" of North India. In 1810, Maulvi Ikram Ali started publishing Litho letter "Hindostani" from Calcutta. In 1816, Gangakishore Bhattacharya introduced the "Bengal Gazette". This was the first Bengali letter. Later, the priests of Srirampur gave birth to the famous publicity "News mirror" (27 May 1818). After these initial letters in 1823, we have the views of Bangla language 'News Chandrika' and 'Dialogue Congregation', "Jam Jahanumaa" and "Shamsul Akbar" of Persian Urdu and "Mumbai News" of Gujarati.

It is clear that Hindi journalism is not very later. The "Urdu newspaper" of Delhi (1833) and "Directing" (1837) of Marathi came only after the first letter of Hindi "Udant Martand" (1826). Pandit Jugal Kishore was editor of "Udant Martand". This was a weekly letter. The language of the letter was Hindi, which was called "Middle language" by the editors of the letter. This letter was closed in 1827. It was impossible to follow any letter without government assistance in those days. The company government had given the facilities of posters etc. to the missionaries' letters, but "Udant Martand" could not get this facility even after making an attempt. First phase of Hindi journalism

From 1826 AD to 1873 AD we can call the first step of Hindi journalism. In 1873, Bharatendu established "Harishchandra Magazine". A year later this letter became known as "Harishchandra Chandrika". By the way Bhartendu's "Kavvavachan Sudha" letter came out in 1867 and it took a significant part in the development of journalism; But the introduction of new language was done in 1873 by "Harishchandra Magazine". Most of these letters can be used only, and behind them there is no sense of writing or publishing new ideas. The main letters after "Udant Martand" are: Magadip (1846), Malwa Akbar (1849), Jagadip Bhaskar (1849), Sudhakar (1850), Samyandand Martand (1850), Bangadas (1829), Prasamitra (1834), Banaras newspaper (1845), Martand Panchshelli (1846) MajharulSur (1850), Buddha Prakash (1852), Gwalior Gazette (1853), News Sudhavarna (1854), Daily Calcutta, Prajaheyashishi (1855), Sadh Atitik (1855), Suraj Prakash (1861), Jagalabhachintak (1861), Supervisor (1861) Prajyaahit (1861), Lokmitra (1835), Bharatkhandamrut (1864), Elementary Magazine (1865), Gyan Pradayin Magazine (1866), Soma Prakash (1866), Sathydeepak (1866), Vrittentvilas (1867), Gyan Dipak (1867), Kavivachan Sudha (1867), Dharmaprakash (1867), Vidyavalas (1867), Narrator (1867), Vidyadar (1869) Brahmagnaprakash (1869), Almora newspaper (1870), Agra newspaper (1870), intellectuals (1870), Hindu light (1871), Prayagundar (1871), Bundelkhand Akhbar (1871), Love letters (1872) and Bodha News (1872).

Some of these letters were monthly, some weekly. The daily letter was only one "News Rectification" which was bilingual (Bengali) and was published from Calcutta. This daily paper continued till 1871. Most of the letters were published from Agra, which was a major education center in those days and the students were meeting the needs of the community. The rest relate to the preaching work of Brahma Samaj, Sanatan Dharma and Missionaries. Many letters were bilingual (Hindi Urdu) and some were up to Panchsheel. This also indicates the immature state of journalism. In the initial letters of Hindi, "Benaras newspaper" (1845) was quite influential and in protest of his own language, in 1850, Taramohan Mitra started publication of "Pahajyashishi" from Agra in 1855, "Sudhakar" from Kashi and Raja Lakshman Singh in 1855. Raja Shivprasad's "Benaras newspaper" used to adopt Urdu language style, so both of these letters leaned towards Panditau's similar-headed style. Thus, we see that before the 1867, Hindi journalists were unable to follow certain style in relation to language style. This year the publication of the poem 'Shuksudha' was published and in a way we can call it the first important letter. It was first monthly, then fortnightly and finally weekly. The publication of multitudes of Bharatendu was published through this letter, but the truth is that till the publication of "Harishchandra Magazine" (1873) they also appear to find a way in the field of linguistics and ideas. Second era of Hindi journalism: Bharatendu era

The second era of Hindi journalism runs from 1873 to 1900. At one end of this era there was "Harishchandra Magazine" of Bharatendu and approved by the Nagri Pracharik Sabha "Saraswati" The number of letters published in these 27 years is above 300-350 and they are spread to Nagpur. Most of the letters were monthly or weekly. There were some more permanent properties in the form of essays, novel fiction (novels), negotiations etc. in the monthly papers, but most of the letters did not go more than 10-15 pages and we can call them "ideology" in today's words. Newspapers and weekly commentaries were also important places in the weekly papers. In fact, there was no special request for the daily news, and perhaps the weekly and monthly letters were more important in those days. He took a very important part in the Janajagran.

These 25 years of nineteenth century were ideal journalism of Bharatendu. In the form of "Kabivachan Sudha" (1867), "Harishchandra Magazine" (1874), "Sri Harishchandra Chandrika" (1874), Balabhodini (Patron of feminine, 1874), Bharatendu performed in this direction, fearing criticism from his commentaries. Conspiring on the "punch" of "Poetic Sudhuda" and Kashi's Magistrate had also stopped taking Bharatendu's letters for the education department, there is no doubt that the fields of journalism are also Bharatand Were completely fearless and he gave new impetus to the new papers. "Hindi Pradeep", "Bartjivn" and naming several letters he did. Were all of their era journalist as leading them. After bharindu

The journalists who came in this area after Bharatendu were the foremost among them were Pandit Rudradutt Sharma, (Bharathittar, 1877), Balakrishna Bhatt (Hindi Pradeep, 1877), Durgprasad Mishra (Proper speaker, 1878), Pandit Sadanand Mishra (Sarasuddha Vidyarthi, 1878). Radhacharan Goswami (Bharatendu, 1882), Pandit Gauridatta (Devnagar), Pandit Vanshadhar Prataparayana Mishra (Brahmin, 1883), Ambikadatta Vyas, (Peiyaswrah, 1884), Babu Ramkrishna Verma (Bharat Jivan, 1884), Pt. Ramgoolam Awasthi (well wisher, 1888), Raj Rampal Singh (Hindustan, 1883), Raj Rampal Singh (Hindustan, 1883) Yogeshchandra Vasu (Hindi Bangwasi, 1890), Pund Kundan Lal (poet and painter, 1891) and Babu Devkinkan Khatri and Babu Jagannathadas (Sahitya Sudhadidhi, 1894). In 1895, the publication of the "Civil Pracharini Magazine" begins. This journal started with serious literature and therefore we can consider it as a certain lighthouse. In the year 1900 AD, with the revelation of "Saraswati" and "Sudarshan", this second era of Hindi journalism gets interrupted.

Hindi journalism developed in many directions in these 25 years. Early letters were limited to teaching and preaching. Bharatendu also developed social, political and literary directions. He initiated the first woman-magazine, called "Balabodhini" (1874). After a few years, women see themselves descending in this area - "Bharatha Bhavinini" (Hardevi, 1888), "Sughrini" (Hemantakumari, 1889). In these years religious leaders of Aryasamaj and Sanatan Dharma were active in the field of religion. Certain letters related to Brahmasamaj and Radhaswamy Votes and Christian churches such as Mirzapur also come in some Christian papers, but we find religious reactions of the era only in the letters of Aryasamaj and mythology. Today, these letters may not seem so important, but they do not doubt that they reinforced Hindi's prose style and the light of new ideas in the public. Due to these religious debates, different sections of society and sect went forward to reform and there was a flood of communal papers very soon. Hundreds of different ethnic and classical letters were published and they cried to innumerable masses.

Today, the same letter is very important in our history consciousness who have done some unequaled work in the field of language, literature or politics. In the literary terms, "Hindi Pradeep" (1877), Brahmin (1883), Kshatriyog (1880), Ananda Kadambini (1881), Bharatendu (1882), Devanagari Pracharak (1882), Vaishnav Patrika (After Piyushflaw, 1883), painter of the poet ( 1891), Civil Nirad (1883), Sahitya Sudhudhidhi (1894) and Political Literature Bharathittar (1877), Proper Speaker (1878), Essence Essential (1878), Bharathoday (Daily, 1883), Bharat Jeevan (1884), Bharatoday Daily, 1885), Goodwill (1887) and Hindi Bangwasi (1890) Specially Important Are. In these letters, our 19th Century literary recipients, the best practitioners of Hindi workshops, stylists and thinkers are safe. It is a matter of irritation that we could not deliver the contents of this important material from the files. How many essays, commentary, essays, punch, haunts, gossip and sketchs are being unmatched today in the book of biographies of such writers like Balakrishna Bhatt, Prataparayana Mishra, Sadanam Mishra, Rudradutt Sharma, Ambikadatta Vyas and Balamukund Gupta. Even today our journalists can learn a lot from them. He was the leader in his time. Third phase: First twenty years of the twentieth century

The journalism of the twentieth century is relatively close to us, and a lot of it has the diversity and polymorphism of past era of journalism. Journalists of the 19th century had to face disorder in the language-style area. They had to put their object in front of English and Urdu letters on the one hand. Now the people interested in Hindi were very small. Slowly changed the situation and we find Hindi letters to lead in the field of literature and politics. From this century, the movement of religion and social reform fell behind and the racial consciousness gradually assumed the form of national consciousness. As a result, most of the letters, literature and politics are taken away. In the field of literary letters, in the first two decades, the leadership of "Saraswati" (1903-1918), edited by Acharya Dwivedi In fact, in these twenty years the monthly letters of Hindi came out as a great literary power. Several pamphlets were published in the form of a series of novels, such as the novel 1901, Hindi Navil 1901, novel Lauderi 1902, novelSagar 1903, novel Kusumanjali 1904, novelblog 1907, novel Promotions 19012. Only poetry or problem solving, many letters were started in the last years of nineteenth century. They are going on "Critic" (1902) and "History" (1905) related to historical research are important events in the field of critique. But Saraswati, who had kept the ideals of "Misslenni" (), became more popular and letters of this category can be named with only a few letters, such as "Bharatendu" (1905), Civil Interest Magazine , Bankipur (1905), Civil Pracharak (1906), Mithilamihir (1910) and Indu (1909). Both "Saraswati" and "Indu" are important for the history of Hindi literature and in a way, we can call them the paramatani of the literary journalism of that era. Through the "Saraswati" through Acharya Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi and "Indu", Pandit Roopnarayan Pandey's ideology, perseverance and integrity, in front of us, was able to give a new direction to Hindi journalism.

But the leadership of Hindi journalism could not be achieved in the political sphere. Calcutta was the center of political journalism of the past era. But Calcutta was far from the state of Uttar Pradesh and the self-proclaimed Hindi state got a conscious leadership in political direction in some time. The first daily of the Hindi state was Rampal Singh's bilingual "Hindustan" (1883), which was published in Kalakankar in English and Hindi. Two years later (in 1885), Babu Sitaram started extracting a daily letter from Kanpur, called "Bharatada". But these two letters could not be long-lived and weekly papers had to become the vehicle of political ideology. Indeed, in the nineteenth century, the friends of Calcutta, Friends of Angels, Sarasubhudhidhi and the appropriate speakers used to represent the romantic spirit of Hindi state. Perhaps "Bharashtittar" was the most enduring and powerful in them. In the nineteenth century Bengal and Maharashtra were the centers of awakening and this was the only province in the fierce national journalism. Journalists of Hindi state accepted the leadership of these provinces and for many days their independent political personality could not be developed. However, we find many dugs moving forward to Hindi political journalism as "Abhyudaya" (1905), "Pratap" (1913), "Karmayogi", "Hindi Kesari" (1904-1908) etc. The excitement of the First World War gave birth to several daily letters once again. "Calcutta News", "Independent" and "Vishwamitra" were published from Calcutta, "Venkateswara News" from Bombay started publishing their daily edition and "Vijay" came from Delhi. "Today" from Kashi in 1921 and "Current" was published from Kanpur. In this way we see that in 1921, Hindi journalism once again turns into a new life and begins its new life in the political arena. Even in the field of our literary papers, new trends begin in the same time. As a result, in the first twenty years of the twentieth century, we can call the third phase of Hindi journalism.

== Modern era happened in the universities == and there were some such works editors who were fully acquainted with English journalism and wanted to bring Hindi letters equivalent to letters from English, Marathi and Bangla. As a result, a new era began in literary journalism. National movements declared the qualification for Hindi for the first time, as the force of national movements started to increase, journalists and letters of Hindi started getting more importance. After 1921, under the leadership of Gandhiji, the national movement reached the villagers and workers, not limited to the middle class, and in its spread, Hindi journalism contributed significantly. The truth is that Hindi journalists were in the forefront of national movements and they took a cue from foreign power. The foreign government, at times, attacked the freedom of the newspapers by creating new laws, but even with the jail, fines and numerous mental and economic difficulties, Hindi journalists kept the lamp of independent thoughts burning.

The letters that came in the literary field after 1921 are prominent - Swartha (1922), Madhuri (1923), Lima, Chand (1923), Manorama (1924), Critic (1924), Films (1925), Kalyan (1926), Sudha (1927), Vishav Bharat (1928), Deagbhoomi (1928) ), Hans (1930), Ganga (1930), Vishva Mitra (1933), Rupab (1938), Sahitya Samaj (1938), Kamala (1939), Madhukar (1940), Vantya Sahitya (1940), Visva-Bharati (1942), Sangam 1942), Kumar (1944), New Sahitya (1945), Parijat (1945), Himalaya (1946) etc.

In fact, there can be no doubt about the maturity and diversity of our monthly literature. Many first-class compositions of Hindi came first in the light of menses and many great poets and writers were also concerned with journalism. Today our monthly letters fulfill all the parts of life and literature and now even attention towards expertise has begun to come. In the developmental texts like Literature's trends, there are no letters found in books. There we receive an active, dream, dynamic form of literature.

In the era of political circles, the letters of the press are - Karmvir (1924), Sainik (1924), Swadesh (1921), Shri Krishna Sandsh (1925), Hindupunch (1926), Independent India (1928), Jagran (1929), Hindi Sangap (1929), Pictorial Court (1930), Swarajya ( 1931), Navyug (1932), Harijan Sevak (1932), Jagamalu (1933), Navashakti (1934), Yogi (1934), Hindu (1936), Deshmar (1938), Nationality (1938), conflict (1938), Chinangari (1938), Navjyoti (1938), Sangam (1940), Jyung (1942), Ram Rajya (1942), World (1943), Lok Sabha (1942), Beware (1942), Hankar (1942) and Surin (1943), (72).

Most of these are weekly, but their contributions have been important in the creation of the Janan. As far as letter art is concerned, we can clearly say that there is a difference between earth and sky in the letters of the third and fourth eras. Today the writing is really high quality art. In the field of political journalism "Today" (1921) and its editor, late Baburao Vishnu Paradkar is the only place that is received by Acharya Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi in the field of literary journalism. The truth is that "today" has worked as a great institution in the field of journalism and has given twenty six letters to journalists and journalists.

Like many organs of modern literature, Hindi journalism is also new and it is also a reflection of the social, cultural, literary and political movements of our intermediate class mainly. In fact, the true history of the last 200 years can be compiled from our papers. Based on the quotations of letters in Bangla's "Kalar Katha", an attempt has been made to assess the middle life of the nineteenth century Bengal. Such an attempt is also desirable in Hindi. In a way, the literature that can be said in the nineteenth century is very little and whatever is there, it has already emerged in the pages of letters. The contribution of letters in the development of language style and the development of ethnic-style has been extremely important, but by the first two decades of the twentieth century, monthly letters and weekly papers have given birth to our literary tendencies and have been developing. The experimental form of Dwivedi era literature we see in "Saraswati" and "Indu" is the real form of that literature. After 1921 AD, literature became very independent from letter papers and started to stand on its feet, but still we have to reverse the pages of monthly letters for specific literary movements. For political consciousness, there are letters of letters only. In fact, the population of newspapers as much as touches it, it is impossible to reach such a large population of pure literature. After 1 99 0

In the 90s, many versions of Indian languages ​​newspapers, Amar Ujala, Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran etc started coming out of the cities and towns in the field of Hindi journalism. Where the newspapers used to first print out the metros, due to the availability of new technology, better road and traffic resources after globalization, it has made it easy to publish city variants from small towns and towns. In addition, in these decades, the search of new consumers started for new items in the market spreading in rural areas and towns. The Hindi newspaper has emerged as a means of spreading these goods. Also in these versions of the newspapers, local news is printed prominently. This has greatly increased the number of readers of newspapers. Media expert Sevanti Ninan called it "the re-invention of the public world of Hindi". He writes, "The print media has expanded the existing public world of Hindi at the district level through the coverage of local events, and has unknowingly redistributed it by local versions of newspapers.

The report of the National Reader Survey in 1990 states that only five newspapers used to have Hindi newspapers in five leaders. The last (surveys) proved that we are growing fast. This time (2010) the five most readable newspapers have four Hindi origins.

There is more enthusiasm that 42 cities in the IRS survey are considered to be fastest, most of them are of Hindi heartland. It is clear that if the southern states of the country have developed tremendous development in the last three decades, then the future of the Hindi people. It is not that this state is proving leadership in the case of newspaper study. A data from the IT industry reveals that the number of read-writeers in the Hindi and Indian languages ​​is constantly increasing.

The meaning is clear. This extension of Hindi's ambitions is also seen on the side of the journalists. With the consciousness of progress, people sitting in the lower line of society should also appear in the lines of newspapers. The results of the previous IAS, IIT and all the educational councils have proved that people sitting on the lowest stairs in Hindi speakers are also ready for a tremendous surge. Journalists of Hindi will have to walk a step further to get that place again, which in the past four decades we have constantly lost. Also see them

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