Home Rule Movement

All India Home Rule League flag The Home Rule Movement was the All India Home Rule League, a national political organization founded in 1916 with Bal Gangadhar Tilak's name "Home Rule" to lead national demand for self-governance in India. India was done to achieve a Dominion status in the British Raj. At that time, Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland were established as Dominion within the British Empire.

At the onset of World War I, the moderates of the Indian National Congress decided to help Britain. Perhaps the reason behind this decision of the Indian National Congress was that if India helped the British, Britain would make India independent after the war. But soon the Indian National Congress was convinced that Britain would not do such a thing and that Indian leaders were dissatisfied and started looking for another way. This dissatisfaction became the reason for the birth of the Home Rule movement. Between 1915 and 1916, two home rule leagues were established. 'Pune Home Rule League' was set up by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and 'Madras Home Rule League' was founded by Annie Besant. The Home Rule League became operational as a subsidiary of the Indian National Congress. The objective of this movement was to achieve self-state, but the use of weapons was not allowed in this movement.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant created a flag in 1917 during the Home Rule movement. There were five red and four green curtains on this flag. The seven stars were also marked on this, but this flag did not become more famous among the people.

In 1920, the All India Home Rule League elected Mahatma Gandhi as its President. In one year these organizations merged with the Indian National Congress for a joint Indian political front and its own existence ended.

introduction

Mrs. Anne Besant was from Ireland. He was the Director of Theosophical Society in India. He was very influenced by Indian civilization and culture. So leaving Ireland, he had settled in India and started accepting India as his homeland. At this time Ireland was formed under the leadership of the Irish leader Redmond, the Homerul League, which wanted to achieve homeland and self-rule for Ireland with statutory and peaceful measures. When Annie Besant went to England in 1913, the Homerul League of Ireland suggested to him that starting the Homerool movement to liberate India. Mrs. Anne Bessant wanted to give India the same type of Swaraj, as it was in the other colonies of the British Empire, that is, it was willing to get dominion status (Dominion Stats) to India. On returning to India for this purpose, he joined the Congress and united the liberals and militants and organized the Homerol movement. Purpose of Homerol movement

Homerul movement was a legal movement. The main objectives of this movement were the following: - Background, start and progress of movement

Bal Gangadhar Tilak left the jail on June 16, 1914 after serving a six-year sentence. Most of the time in captivity was spent in Mandalay (Burma). When he returned to India, he felt that the country he had left had changed a lot. Arvind Ghosh, the revolutionary leader of the Swadeshi movement, retired and started living in Pondicherry. Lala Lajpat Rai was in the US. The Indian National Congress was unable to recover from the shock of moderate nationalists due to the split of Surat, the oppressive attacks of the British on the agitators and the constitutional reforms of 1890.

Tilak thought that in the first place, the Congress would be able to get involved in the rest of the hottens. Tilak had come to believe that the Indian National Congress has become synonymous with the Indian National Movement and no national movement can be successful without its permission. For the purpose of convincing the moderates, winning their faith and not taking the path of suppression in the future, he declared, "I am very clear that we want to improve the administration system in India as in Ireland. There are demands of movement there. We have no intention of overthrowing the British rule. I have no hesitation in saying this that the incidents of violence in different parts of India are not only contrary to my ideology, but due to them our process of political development has also slowed down. " Repeated loyalty and appealed to the Indian public to cooperate with the British rule in the hour of crisis.

All the leaders of the moderate camp started feeling that what they did in Surat in 1907 was wrong. They were also upset with the indignity of the Congress. Tilak's appeal was very encouraging to him. Apart from this, Anne Besant was constantly under pressure to reinvent the nationalist political movement in the country. Anne Bassant recently joined the Congress. In 1914, he was 66 years old, his political life began in England, where he participated in the promotion of freedom from free radicalism (radicalism) and tribology (theosophobia). In 1893, he came to India, the purpose was to work for the Theosophical Society. He opened his office in Adyar, a suburb of Madras and started preaching in 1907 the Theosophy. Within a short time, he did a large number of supporters. Most of which were educated people of those communities which had not yet been culturally renaissance. In 1914, Anne Bassant decided to expand the scope of its activities and, like Ireland's Homerol League, planned to run a movement on demand for self-government in India too. They felt that it is necessary for the Congress to accept the permission and the support of the hawkish movementists. To get the support of huppers, it was necessary to include them in the Congress. Anne Bessant began to understand the hindrance of the Congress that they allow Tilak and his hawks to join the Congress. But the congressional session of 1914 converged on his efforts. Firoz Shah Mehta and his moderate supporters of Bombay convinced Gokhale and the moderates of Bengal to keep the hotters out. After this, Tilak and Anne Besant himself decided to run a political movement on their own, and at the same time they continued to pressurize the Congress to reinter the huppers to their membership.

In the beginning of 1915, Anne Besant started a movement through two newspapers 'New India' and 'Kaman Veel'. Organizing public meetings and conferences Their demand was that in the way the white colonies have given the people the right to form their own government, the Indians also get the right to self-government. After April 1915, Anne Bassant made more aggressive and aggressive stance.

Meanwhile Lokmanya Tilak started his political activities. But he was quite cautious that the moderate party of the Congress should not be angry or the Congress would not feel that Tilak's activities did not match the Congress policy. His Dil Khwahish Congress was to join somehow. Tilak called a conference of his supporters in Poona in 1915, in which it decided that an institute should be established to introduce the people to the rural people and their activities. After this decision, in the same year in August and September, the local organizations which formed local organizations in Maharashtra, instead of accelerating the political activities, spent all the energy to establish unity in Congress. They continued to emphasize that unity in Congress is very important for any national movement. In order to put pressure on some conservatives of the moderate Congress, Tilak sometimes resorted to threats, but he believed that he would convince most moderate politicians.

The Congress's annual session was held in December 1915 and the efforts of Tilak and Anne Bessant were successful. It was decided to withdraw the hooligans in Congress. After the demise of Firoz Shah Mehta, the opposition of the moderates of Bombay proved to be ineffective. Gokhale had died. Anne Bessent succeeded in bringing huppers to Congress but could not get the approval of Congress and Muslim League on its proposal to form the Homerul League. But the Congress accepted the proposals of the campaign for reviving the Congress committees at the local level but they knew the character and power of the Congress at that time. He knew that Congress has approved these programs but it will not implement it. Therefore, he had also laid down the preamble with his proposal that if the Congress did not implement these programs by September 1916, then it would form its own organization.

Tilak had got the right to come back to the cagrans and he did not promise any kind of affair with Kaagrans, so he announced the formation of 'Homerul league' in the regional convention in Belgaum in April, 1916. The supporters of Annie Besant are also kissing. They were not ready to wait till September. He pressured Annie Besant to get the Homerul Group established. Jamnadas Dwarkadas, Shankarlal Baker and Indulal Yagnik started the practice of 'Young India' in a newspaper in Bombay and started collecting money from the corners of the country in the English and regional languages. Annie Besant waits till September. Congress was completely inactive. He also announced the establishment of the Homerul League and appointed his supporter George Arundale as the Organization Secretary. Tilak and Annie Besant also shared the workspace for their own league, thereby causing no disturbance. Tilak's league was the responsibility of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Barar. The rest of the country was the responsibility of the League of Annie Besant. Both of these did not merge. The reason was that some supporters of Annie Besant did not like Tilak and some supporters of Tilak Annie Besant, but there was no conflict between them.

Tilak visited Maharashtra. The big campaign of Homerool movement. Explain why it is needed, what its purpose is to the public. In his words, "India is like a son who has become a young man. The timing is that the father or the spouse give this son the right he deserves. The Indian public will have to take right now. They have the complete right to it. "Tilak combined the demand of education and linguistic states in regional language with the demand of 'Swaraj'. He said, "The demand for the formation of provinces on the basis of Marathi, Telugu, Kannada and other languages ​​means that the medium of education is regional language. Is the British giving their education to the people here in the French? Whether Germans teach their people in English or Turks teach in French. "In 1915, at the Province of Bombay, Tilak condoled the death of Gokhale. B.B. As soon as standing up to support Aloor, Tilak said, "Speak in Kannada to show the right of Kannada language." This shows that the Tilak region was not Marathi narrowness.

Tilak was not a caste in terms of untouchables and non-Brahmins. Non-Brahmins of Maharashtra once sent a memorandum to the government that they have no relation with the demands of the upper classes. So many people opposed it. But Tilak explained these protesters, you guys work patiently. If we can convince them that we are with them and there is no difference between their demands and our demands, then I have a firm belief that their movement will be linked to our struggle to eradicate inequality. "He explained to non Brahmins that the quarrel The distinction between the Brahmins and non-Brahmins is between educated and uneducated. More educated than Brahmin and non Brahmin. Therefore, the government advocating non-Brahmins is forced to recruit Brahmins only in government jobs. The government is giving space to the administration in spite of its authoritarian attitude towards the Brahmin, because he believes that only the educated people can run the administration. Tilak had said in a conference organized for the eradication of untouchability, "If God also harbors untouchability, then I will not accept God."

There is no religious appeal from anywhere in Tilak's speeches. Homer's demand was entirely based on secularism. Tilak had said that the reason for opposing the British is not because he is a follower of any other religion, we oppose him because he is not doing any work in the interest of the Indian public. In Tilak's words, "If an Englishman or a Muslim works for the benefit of the people of this country, then he is not an alien for us. There is no relation between religion or business of this alienation. This is a question which is directly related to interests.

Tilak hastened his promotion by taking out six Marathi and two English speakers. These parcho's 47 thousand pieces were sold. Later these papers were printed in Gujarati and Kannada languages. Six branches of the League were created. Central Maharashtra, Bombay City, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh and one in Barar and two in Barar.

As the Homerol movement started catching up, the government hastened suppressive action. The government chose a special day to strike this movement. 23 July 1916 was Tilak's 60th Birthday. A large gathering was organized and Tilak was presented with a bag of rupees one lakh rupees. The government gave them second prize on this occasion. A show cause notice was given to them. Where it was written that why you should not be banned due to your activities. They were asked to pay the Rupees sixty thousand rupees. Perhaps the most important gift for Tilak was. He said, "Now the Homrul movement will spread like a fire in the forest. The government suppression will fuel the fire of revolt. "

A whole team of lawyers fought the case under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah on behalf of Tilak. Tilak lost the trial in the Magistrate's court, but in November, the High Court gave him a clean confession. This victory is appreciated all the way. Gandhi wrote in the 'Young India' newspaper, "It is a great victory of freedom of expression. Tillak took advantage of this opportunity and said in his public speeches that the government has given permission to express the demand of homer or self-government. Tilak and his colleagues hastened the promotional work, and by April 1917 they made 14 thousand members.

Annie Besant's league also started to work from September 1916 but its organization was very loose. Any three persons could open the branch anywhere, whereas Tilak's organization was very strong, the work and work of all the six branches was fixed. Annie Besant had two hundred branches of the League. Many branches were in towns and cities, in the rest of the villages, some villages came under one branch. Although the executive council was chosen, all the work was seen by Annie Besant and his colleagues Arundel, C. D. Ramaswamy Iyer and BP Wadia. There was no organized way to give instructions to the members. Either members were instructed individually or by reading Arundale's articles in New India, people knew what they had to do. Anne Besant's league is behind in the form of a member of Tilak's league. By March 1917, the number of members of his league was only 7000. Jawaharlal Nehru, B. Chakravarti and J. Banerjee also joined them.

At present, it is difficult to estimate the strength of the league by counting the branches, because some of them are quite active and some are inactive because they were mostly limited to the activities of 'Theosophical Society'. As an example, Madras had the largest number of branches in the city but the branches of Bombay, Uttar Pradesh and the rural areas of Gujarat were quite active. Although their number was very low.

A quantity of all these activities was aimed at mobilizing movement for the demand of Homerul. It was very important for political education and political debate. Arundale through the 'Newindia' initiated political debates with his supporters, establishment of libraries giving information about national politics, organizing classrooms to give political education to students, arguments in support of 'Homerool' between friends and He asked to work in order to create a partnership in the movement. Many branches implemented these. Particularly focused on running political debate.

The motivation of Homerul's promotion can be based on the fact that by September 1, 1916 three lakh prescriptions were printed from the promotional fund. This promotion fund was established only a few months ago. In these parachas there was a raw paper of the then government and arguments were made in support of Swaraj. After the establishment of the League of Annie Besant, these papers were reprinted. They are also published in many regional languages. As well as organizing public meetings and the sequence of speeches continued. Whenever nationwide resistance was called for any issue, all the league branches supported it. In November 1916, when Annie Besant was banned from going to Barar and Central Province, all the league branches organized a protest meeting on Arundale's appeal and sent a protest proposal to the Viceroy and Home Secretary. Similarly, in 1917 when the ban was imposed on Tilak in Punjab and Delhi, there were protests across the country. All the league branches opposed it harshly. Many moderates of Greco also joined the Homerool movement, troubled by the indignity of Kant Grace. Gokhale's 'Sarva Tea India Society' was not allowed to become a member of the league, but he supported the 'Homerool Movement' by giving speeches between the people and the above-mentioned people. In Uttar Pradesh, many moderate nationalists visited villages, along with homer league workers to prepare for the congress conference. Most of them were in the libraries of the local courts, where students, businessmen and other people related to the profession gathered. And if the meeting was on a market day then the farmers coming from the villages were also present. In these meetings, the issue of poverty and absurdity of India is raised. Remembrance of the past was reminded and highlighted on the freedom movement of the Yu Rope, appealing to take inspiration from it. Hindi was used in these meetings. Supporting the moderates' Home Rule League was not surprising because the league was justifying the moderates of political propaganda and educational programs.

In 1916, the Lucknow session of the Congress was a good opportunity for the members of Homerul League to show their strength. The supporters of Tilak made a tradition which the Congress stayed for a long time. His supporters reserved a train to reach Lucknow, which some people named the 'Cagnes Special', while some called 'Homerool Special'. Arundale had told every member of the league that he should do everything possible to become a member of the Lucknow Session. Congress League Convention

Tilak was again inducted into the Congress at the Lucknow congress session. President Ambika Charan Majumdar said - After wandering due to inexplicable disputes due to pleasant alienation and misunderstanding of 10 years, both the camps of the Indian National Party have now felt that separation is their defeat and unity is their victory. Now brother and brother have met again. "

There was an important 'Congress Grace League' agreement in this session, which is known as "Lucknow Pact". In this agreement, Annie Besant and Tilak played an important role. Many senior leaders, including Madan Mohan Malviya, were against it at all. They alleged that the agreement gives a lot to the Muslim League. Tilak said on the charge, "Some of the noblemen have alleged that Hindus are giving special attention to their Muslim brothers. I say that if the right to self-government is given only to the Muslim community, then I will not have any objection, if the ambassadors get this right, do not care, Hindustan should be given this right to any community. We have no objection. This statement of mine represents the entire Indian national sentiment. Whenever you are fighting with a third party, then it is most necessary, mutual unity, ethnic unity, religious unity and unity of various political ideologies. "

Tilak was considered very conservative Hindu. He was the artefact of Indian oriental scholar. When he gave such a statement, nobody dared to oppose anybody. However, accepting the constitution of separate constituencies for Muslims was controversial. But it was accepted so that the minorities do not realize that majority want to establish dominion over them.

Against the demand for constitutional reforms in the Lucknow session. The members believed that this demand would be helpful in achieving the goal of Swarajya. Although this demand did not include all those things, as the members of Homerul League wanted, but they did not raise any controversy on this. They wanted to maintain unity in Congress at all times. Tilak proposed another proposal to set up an executive committee to give realistic congressional decisions and programs. But this proposal was not approved due to the opposition of the moderates. In fact, Tilak wanted that the Congress should not be indolent, do a little more work. Tilak's proposal could not be accepted, but four years later, when Mahatma Gandhi revised the Kanges constitution in 1920, he made a new form - a form that was necessary for running a movement for a long time - so they It is also necessary to accept this proposal of Tilak.

After the conclusion of the Congress session, there was a meeting of both Homeland leagues in the same pandal. In which about one thousand delegates took part. Congress League agreement was appreciated and Tilak and Annie Besant addressed the meeting. While returning from Lucknow, these two leaders visited many areas of North, Central and Eastern India. Government suppression

It was natural for the government to be concerned about the rising influence of the HomeRule movement. The Madras government became much more strict. He banned the participation of students of political meetings. It was opposed in the entire state. Tilak said, "The Government knows that the spirit of love in the country excites students more. Anyway, any country can advance from the power of the youth.

The Madras Government in June 1917, Annie Besant, George Arundel and V.P. Wadia arrested There were nationwide demonstrations against it. Sir Subramanian Iyer rejected the government degree (knighthood). All the moderate leaders like Madan Mohan Malaviya, Surendranath Banerjee and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were not yet in the league, joined and raised their voice against the arrest of Annie Besant and other leaders? At a meeting on August 26, 1917, Tilak said that if the government does not release these people immediately, then the peaceful non-cooperation movement should be launched. This proposal was sent to all provincial congressional committees for approval. The Congress committees of Barr and Madras were in favor of immediate action, but the other committees were in favor of waiting a bit before making any decision. On the advice of Gandhiji, Shankarlal Baker and Jamnadas Dwarka Prasad assembled the signature of one thousand people who wanted to meet Annie Besant by ignoring the government orders and going into the form of the procession. These people started signing of farmers and laborers in support of Swaraj. Visited the towns and villages of Gujarat and helped establish the branches of the league. The number of members of the Homerul league was unexpected. In this way government suppression encouraged the movement, made the agitators more belligerent. Mantegue wrote in his diary, "Shiva cut his wife in 52 pieces, when the Indian government arrested Annie Besant, so did the same with her."

After these incidents, the Government of England changed its policies. Now his attitude has become compromised. New Home Secretary Mantegue announced in the House of Commons a historic declaration, "The policy of the British Government is that the Indian public should be a partner in the administration of India and gradual development of various institutions for self-governance, so that anybody connected to the British Empire in India Responsible government can be established. "This statement was completely contrary to Marley's statement. While placing constitutional reforms in Parliament in Parliament in the year 1909, Marley had clearly stated that the purpose of these reforms was not to establish self-rule in the country. The biggest benefit of the announcement of Mantegue was that now Homarul or Swaraj's demand could not be called anti-national. But it did not mean that the British rule was going to accept Swaraj's demand. It was also a matter of the declaration of Mantigaagu that self-rule will be established only when its proper time comes and the time has come to decide whether or not the time has come. Such exemption was enough for the British rule. Clearly, it was not going to handover power to Indians in the near future.

Annie Besant was released in September 1917 due to the announcement of Mantegue. At this time, Annie Besant was at the peak of popularity. In December 1917, at the annual convention of Congress, he was elected president on Tilak's proposal.

But for a number of reasons, Homerul became weak in 1918, despite the huge success in 1917, the movement became dead. Encouraged by the arrest of Annie Besant, the moderates were involved in this movement, after their release, became inactive. The government gave assurances of reforms. These leaders felt that this movement is not needed. Apart from this, he was also upset with the discussion of running a law prohibition movement. Therefore, they have stopped participating in Congress meetings since September 1918. In 1918, there was another crack in the nationwide camp by announcement of reform plans. Some people were in favor of accepting it as well, some wanted to reject it altogether. Some people believed that there are many drawbacks in it, but should try it out. Annie Besant himself was in a dilemma on the issue of these reforms and the peaceful non-cooperation movement. Sometimes he said it wrong and sometimes right because of the pressure of his supporters. Initially Annie Besant with Tilak said that the Indian public should not approve these reforms schemes, it is an insult to him, but later he appealed to accept it. Tilak has remained firm on his decision for a long time. But due to the change in policies of the policymakers and Moderates of Annie Besant, they were unable to pull movement movement forward, opposing reforms on their own, and went to England at the end of the year. There he filed a defamation case against Chirao, author of Indian Arrest. He stayed in England for several months in the lobby of the trial. Annie Besant was unable to give a strong leadership and Tilak was abroad. As a result, the Homerul movement went without leadership.

Homerul's greatest achievement was that it prepared a belligerent warrior for future national movement. Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, these belligerent movement proceeded with the torch of freedom. The HomeRoll Movement included several new areas like Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Sindh, Madras, Madhya Pradesh and Barar into national movement. Thus the Home Rule Movement has not been in vain. He had a profound influence on the Indian independence struggle. This movement awakened the Indians and slept full awakening in them. This gave new movement to the national movement and forced the government to implement a new reform plan. Also see them

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