History of Hindi grammar

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Efforts to write grammar of Hindi language were begun much earlier. According to the updated information, the oldest treatise of Hindi grammar proves to be a bilingual texts written by Damodar Pandit of Banaras. It is from the twelfth century. This time it is believed that the gradual development of Hindi started from this time. In this book, there is a manual for teaching Sanskrit for old Koli or Awadhi dialect of Hindi, in which versatile Sanskrit versions of grammatical forms of the ancient period have been given illustrative sentences in both old and Sanskrit languages. The popular name of 'kosali' is currently 'avadi' or 'eastern or hindi'. 1675 AD A treatise on grammar of some former Braj language has been written by Mirza Khan ibn Fakhruddin Muhammad. This short text, Tuhfatul Hind, of 16 pages, has a discussion of the various subjects of Hindi literature, which are respectively - Grammar, Chhand, Tuk, Alankar, Shringar Ras, Music, Kama Shastra, Maritime Shastra and Dictionaries. In the year 1898, there is also evidence of Hindi grammar written by a Dutch scholar Yon Yoswa Ketler. Hindi scholar Suniti Kumar Chatterjee also mentions this treatise in his articles.

Eighteenth century Hindi grammar

A year after the publication of the Latin translation of Kettlear Grammar, the gramatika of eminent missionary Benjamin Schultas was published in Indian Grammtica Hindostanica (Hindustani Grammar) in 1744. This grammar is in Latin language, with its full title of five lines entitled Dr. Greenson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, Vol IX, Part I p. 8 is given on. Schultz had information about Kettlear grammar and mentioned it in his role. Hindustani words are given in Persian / Arabic script along with Roman transliteration. There is also the interpretation of Devanagari script. He has ignored the sound of the harmonious letters and (as in transcription) all the aspirant letters. He had knowledge of singular and plural forms of honorary pronouns, but he was unaware of the 'infinite' used in the person in the past in transitive verbs.

In 1771, "Alphabetum Brammhanicum" written in the language by the Capuchin missionary Casiano Belligati was published from Rome. Apart from this, the other major Indian scriptures have been printed in movable type and detailed explanation has been made. Its role-writer Johannes Christophorus Amaditius (Amaduzzi) has given a complete description of current knowledge about Indian languages ​​at that time.

It is a matter of great pleasure that the Hindi translation of Kettlear grammar is currently available in the Hindi version of the urban script with the role of Shults Grammar and Alphabetum Brammhanicum. 16 The historical significance of these three oldest works is to study Hindi language and script.

Grammar of Hadley is published in London in 1772. After this, better grammars were published, such as - An unknown writer of Portuguese language in Gramatica Indostana from Rome in 1778, which was much better than Headley's grammar. Dr. John Borthwick Gilchrist, President of the Hindustani Department at Fort William College, Calcutta, was published in 1796 in "A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language". This grammar was the third part of their "A System of Hindoostanee Philology", section 1. Hindi grammar of the nineteenth century before the Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

Gersion's detailed list of grammars published in this period has been published by the Languiest Survey of India, Vol. IX is given in Part 1. Here some grammars will only be mentioned. In 1801, "A Grammar of the pure and mixed East Indian Dialects", written by Herasim Lebedef, was published from London. 17that the author has given his biography also. Brahma Bhakha Grammar of Lallu Lal, the creator of 'PremSagar' was published in 1811 from Calcutta. John Shakespeare's "A Grammar of the Hindustani Language" was published in 1813 from London (fifth edition in 1846 and later in 1858), Captain William Price's "A new Grammar of the Hindustani Language" was published from London in 1827. William Yates's "Introduction to the Hindustani Language" was printed in Calcutta in 1827, with its sixth edition published in 1855. Its 1836 edition is available in Deccan College, Pune. In its role, the author says that Hindustani is the language of the Muslim people, whereas Hindi Hindus have their own language. Reverend MT Ad's "Grammar of Hindi Language" was published in Calcutta in 1827. This grammar was written for children as a question and answer. This book has been popular in schools for many years.

W. एण्ड्रू का A Comprehensive synopsis of the eiements of Hindustani Grammar और सैन्फोर्ड आर्नोट का A new self-instructing grammar of the Hindustani tongue लंदन में क्रमशः 1930 एवं 1931 में प्रकाशित हुआ। Garcin de Tassy और Joseph Heliodore ने मिलकर फ्रेंच भाषा में हिन्दुस्तानी और हिन्दवी (Hindui) दोनों के व्याकरण लिखे जो क्रमशः 1824 एवं 1847 में पेरिस से प्रकाशित हुआ। जेम्स वेलन्टाइन के Grammar of Hindustani Language (1838) एवं Elements of Hindi and Braj Bhakha (1839) लंदन से प्रकाशित हुए। किसी अज्ञात लेखक का Introduction to the Hindustanee Grammar मद्रास से 1842 में छपा और दूसरा संस्करण 1851 में।

Duncan Forbes wrote "The Hindustani Manual" in 1845, which was published from London. Its 1858 edition "Grammar of Hinduatani Language" is available at Deccan College, Pune. Devi Prasad's "Polyglot Grammar and Exercises in Persian, English, Arabic, Hindee, Oordoo and Bengali" was published in 1854 from Calcutta. Hindi grammar of nineteenth century after the Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

After the establishment of the Education Department after the Sepoy Rebellion, Pandit Ramjasan's "Lingu-Bodh-Bodhini" was published, in which ubiquitous mixed systems of Hindi and Sanskrit were used. After this, Pt. Shrilal's "Language Chandrodaya" was published, in which there were some more rules of Hindi grammar. Then in 1869 AD, Babu Navin Chandra Rai got the "Navin Chandrodaya", which also had a comment about 'Chandrayaan language'. After this, on the basis of Marathi and Sanskrit grammar, and in some other English style, Pt. Harigopal Padhye wrote his language-principle-Deepika. Due to the author being a Maharashtrian, this book has a Marathi language in its nature.

Pastor W. Etherington's famous Hindi grammar "Bhasha Bhaskar" was published in 1873 from Benaras, whose power lasted for almost 50 years. Its 1913 edition is available in Deccan College, Pune. Pt. Kamta Prasad Guru has written in the role of his "Hindi grammar" - "Even though being contaminated in most, many small grammars of Hindi are formed and formed on the basis and simulation of this book. The English system in Hindi has become so dear that it has not been fully tried to abandon it. In Marathi grammars such as Marathi, Gujarati, Bangla etc, Imitation is found. "18

In 1875, the word "Grammar of King Shiva Prasad" came out. Pt. Kamta Prasad Guru writes - "This book has two characteristics: The first feature is that even though the book is in English, it has been followed by the sources of Sanskrit grammar; and the second is that along with the grammar of Hindi Urdu has also been given grammar in the civic letters. At that time the debate about the nature of Hindi and Urdu was present and the King Sahib was able to make both bids together. Were at the forefront in Rytn, so you were required to be repeating grammar. At the same time Bhartendu Harishchandra G has a little Hindi grammar writing utility of this subject and proven need for the children. "19

S.H. from Allahabad and Calcutta in 1876. Kellogg's "A Grammar of the Hindi Language" was published, the revised third edition was released in 1938. In addition to this, there is also a detailed note regarding Braj and Tulsidasit Ramcharitmanas, along with High Hindi, Eastern Hindi and Rajputana, Kumaon, Awadh, Riva, Bhojpur, Magadha. Third edition has been reprinted by many publishers, such as Asian Educational Services and Munshiram Manohar Lal, Delhi.

"The Hindi Manual" written by Fredrik Pincott was published from London in 1882, in which both literary and provincial Hindi grammars were included. Its third edition came out in 1890. M. Shults 'Grammatik der hinduistanischen Sprache' (grammar of the Indian language) was published in German in 1894 by Leipzig.

"A Grammar of Modern Hindi" written by Edwin Greve was published in 1896 from Banaras. This author has described Kellogg's Hindi grammar as a standard piece. But keeping in mind the need of the common people, Greaves composed another grammar. Its revised edition was published in 1908. In 1921, this author wrote Hindi Grammar in a completely new form under the title "Hindi Grammar", in which no mention of the regional differences except in the Braj language, regional differences of Hindi. It was reprinted by Asian Educational Services in 1983.

A little detailed explanation of the Hindi grammars written by western scholars in Dr. Jadhav's thesis, in p. Can be seen under 148-171. 20 Twentieth century Hindi grammar

In the year 1920, Kashi published an authentic and ideal "Hindi grammar" civil publicity conference, written by Pt. Kamta Prasad Guru. Its sixth reprint happened in 1960. Its 22nd edition was published in 2001. The author of this grammar has written in his role - "While there are many minor books available in Hindi grammar, this is a comprehensive and (possibly) original book of its subject and method, in Hindi. There is also a great feature as to the examples given in the explanation of the rules, they are mostly reputed and authentic of different blacks of Hindi. Are taken from texts Kkon. This is the reason for possible book, blind tradition or to no fault of artificiality. "21 verses in the grammar, decking, proverbs and idioms have not been located. The author says that although these topics are necessary for the completion of language knowledge, they are all independent subjects themselves and they have no direct relation with grammar. The "masterpiece" grammar of any language is the same, so that the proper forms and experiments in that language should be fully discussed and possible stability should be brought into them. 22 Pt. Kamta Prasad Guru has written this grammar, in most of the ways, in the form of English grammar. Explaining the reason behind this system, he writes - "The main reason for following this system is that there is clarity and simplicity in particular, and both the formulas and the commentary are found that the same author should complete the grammar It will be a great honor for the Hindi language when its grammar will be written in mixed form of 'Aththayati' and 'Mahabhaishi', but that day is very much It shows up. "23

When the national language of Hindi was started, the attention of the scholars began to come to the discovery of its independent existence. Pt. Kishoridas Vajpayee has expressed his important views on the independent power of Hindi grammar by writing "First Grammar of National Language" (1949). In his words - "Any grammar is written on the basis of English and on the basis of Sanskrit, on the basis of Hindi, there is no grammar of Hindi." Then it will be confused. "24 His" Hindi Shabdnushasan "(1957) Grammar is a treatise. Its fifth edition was published in the year 2055 v. (1998 AD).

"Modern Hindi grammar and composition" written by Dr. Vasudevanandan Prasad was published in Patiala in 1959, the thirteenth edition of which came out in 1977. The reaction on this grammar of Dr Prabhakar Matve is as follows: "Grammar texts in Hindi, which are considered standard, are very few in those books, I consider them all composed of Dr. Prasad's composition in all respects, Ramchandra Verma, The work of Dr. Prasad has been extremely valuable and useful after the late Kamta Prasad Guru and Acharya Kishori Das Vajpayee. "25th 23rd edition of this grammar 3, whose second reprint happened in 2001.

In the Hindi grammar written by foreign carriers, Dr. Jalman Damshits wrote in Russian language "Грамматика Языка хинди" (Grammar of Hindi language) is the best in my opinion. Its second edition (in two volumes - 373 + 300 pages) was published in Moscow in 1986. Its first edition was published in the Hindi translation "Hindi grammar" from Raduja Publications, Moscow in 1983. Comparative grammar

The era of comparative grammar of Indian languages ​​from the latter part of the nineteenth century began when the monumental work of Robert Caldwell (1814-1891) 'Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages' (Comparative grammar of Dravidian languages) ) Was published in 1856. John Beems of England resident in Indian Civil Service in 1857. In the study of languages, he used to take interest only from his childhood. Seeing the work of Caldwell, he was inspired to do the same work on Indian Aryan languages, and working on this subject for almost 14 years, he published his famous treatise "A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages ​​of India" in three parts (first part- In 1872, in the second part-1878 and third part of 1879). This is the first task on the comparative development of Indian Aryans languages. No other work has been done on this subject so far. In the beginning of this detailed treatise of more than a thousand pages, there is a long standing role of 121 pages on the origin and evolution of Indian Aryan languages ​​and further the sounds of Hindi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya and Bangla and their names , Pronomination, numerical adjectives and verb forms have been shown to be comparatively comparative to Sanskrit. Munshiram Manohar Lal, Delhi has reprinted it.

"A Grammar of the Hindi Language" by Samuel Kellogg (1839-1899) has been mentioned earlier. This is the first streamlined and comprehensive grammar of Hindi and is still the best in many ways. 27 These are also given as places in the Marwaris, Mewari, Merwadi, Jaypuri, Hadath, Kumaonni, Garhwali, Nepali, Kannauji, Baswadi, Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili etc. along with the then fixed forms of Hindi. In addition to the detailed experimental rules of syntax, the etymology of the forms and their development has also been given.

The famous treatise "A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages" from Calcutta was published in 1880 by the famous German scholar Rudolf Hornley (1841-19 18), born in the house of a German pastor in Agra. In addition to giving a detailed grammar of Bhojpuri, the comparative content of modern orthodoxy is given. In it there are also the rules of gender change in Hindi forms, development of different forms, linguistic maps and pictures of development in scripts etc. Asian Educational Services, Delhi has reprinted it in 1991. Linguistic studies

In the twentieth century many scholars on linguistic studies on Hindi and his dialects studied bilingual. Dr. Vishwanath Prasad did research work on "Phonetic and Phonological Study of Bhojpuri" (Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1950 unpublished). Dr. Kailash Chandra Bhatia's "Comparative study of Brajbhasha and Kharboli" was published in 1962. 28 Harvanshal Sharma's introduction, p. 1- "Comparative study of Braj language and Kharboli" presented by Dr. Kailash Bhatia is a commendable and innovative effort in the field of Hindi language. Comparative language-scientific study of Braj language and vertical dialect is in this form now Until it was not presented. " Period of Hindi grammar

Dr. Anant Chaudhary has divided the period of nearly 300 years of complete development of Hindi grammar into the following five periods.

Dr. Bina Garg has classified the development journey of Hindi grammar into three main periods 31 - Notes ( )

1. Kamata Prasad Guru: Hindi-Grammar, "Nagri Pratishini Sena, Kashi; First edition, 1977 (1920 AD); Half reprint, May 2017 (1960 AD). Dr. Vasudevanandan Prasad writes: "Hindi-Grammar 'of P. Kamata Prasad Guru was published in 1920 AD, since then, the only ideal grammar of Hindi has been honored." - Modern Hindi-Grammar and Composition, Bharti Bhawan, Patna 1977, p. 9, p. 20-22

2. Grammar of the beginning Vernaculars of some other Indian indigenous languages ​​are available. For example, the Marathi grammar named 'Panchavartik' by Bhishmacharya is of thirteenth or fourteenth century. Ancient grammars of almost all literature rich Dravidian languages ​​(Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam) are available.

3. In this regard, see the author's brief article "First grammar of Hindi language", aqua, Central Water and Electrical Research School, Pune, Issue 8, Year 2001 p. 13-17.

4. A German named Jon Yosva Kettler, before the British, had written a Hindi grammar in 1698 AD or some earlier in the Dutch language. Refer to footnote 3 for detail.

5. "Hindi-grammar", role, p. 4-5.

12. Indian Linguistics, ग्रियर्सन अभिनन्दन ग्रंथ, खंड IV, 1935; पुनर्मुद्रण - S. K. Chatterji: "SELECT WRITINGS", Vol. 1, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1978, pp. 237–255.

13. 'Indian Anushilan', dedicated in honor of Mahamohopadhyaya Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, 23rd Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Delhi, 1933, Department 4, Agrawalan period, p. 30-36.

14. "Indian and Iranian Studies", डॉ॰ ग्रियर्सन के पचासीवें जन्म दिवस 7 जनवरी 1936 पर समर्पित, The school of Oriental studies, लन्दन, पृ. 817-822.

15. See footnote 3 .

16. "Three Early grammar of Hindi", Director - Dr. Udayanarayan Tiwari, translator-Matthew Vecchur, St. Paul Publications, Allahabad, 1976; 176 pages total.

17. पुनर्मुद्रण: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyaya, Calcutta, 1963. Edited with notes, biographical sketch and bibliography of writings on Lebedeff by Mahadev Prasad Saha; Foreword by Prof. Suniti Kumar Chatterji; कुल पृष्ठ 40+118. इस संस्करण की एक प्रति डेक्कन कॉलेज, पुणे में उपलब्ध है।

18. हिन्दी व्याकरण, भूमिका, पृष्ठ 6.

19. वही, पृ. 6.

20. Dr. Panjabrao Ramrao Jadhav: "The contribution of Christian missionaries in the study of Hindi language and literature", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pune; Publisher - Karmaveer Publications, 22 Ambika Housing Society, Senapati Bapat Path, Pune - 411016; First edition 1973 AD ..

21. भूमिका, पृ. 6.

22nd तत्रैव

23. भूमिका, पृ. 3

24 First grammar of national language, p. 82

25 Intermediate study of the bids of Buland city and Khurja tehsilo - Dr. Mahaveer Saran Jain (Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, 12, Convention way, Allahabad, 1967)

26. Sound study of perennial Hindi - Dr. Mahavir Saran Jain (Lok Bharati Publications, 15-A, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Allahabad, 1974)

27. Comprehensive study of perennial Hindi - Dr. Mahavir Saran Jain (Lok Bharati Publications, 15-A, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Allahabad, 1978)

28 Publisher - Saraswati Sadan, Agra, 1962; 224 pages total.

29. देखें नोट 9.

30. "Call of Hindi Grammar Partition: A Vision", p .46; See 31 for publication details.

31. "Period of Hindi Grammar Period: A Vision", pp.48-49. The publication statement is as follows: "Coordination (Regional Literature )" (1996) - No. Umashankar Mishra; Publisher - Youth Literature Division, 68, Tutinagar, Ghaziabad; 392 + 405 + 59 pages. In this article by Dr. Bina Gurg "Call Period of Hindi Grammar: A Vision", pp.46-50. 2. Short grammar of Hindi - Author: Shri Narayan Prasad Also see them

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